H O L O C A U S T This page intentionally left blank HOLOCAUST The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews PETER LONGERICH 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York q Peter Longerich 2010 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2010 All rights reserved. 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Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Library of Congress Control Number: 2010922410 Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Clays Ltd., St Ives Plc ISBN 978–0–19–280436–5 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Publisher’s Acknowledgements The publishers would like to extend their especial thanks to Professor Jeremy Noakes for his editorial contribution to the preparation of the English edition of this book. Acknowledgements It would be impossible to list by name all the friends, colleagues, and other people who in one way or another have contributed to the writing of this book. I will therefore restrict myself to thanking the many archivists and librarians who have helped me, as well as all my colleagues, both in Germany and abroad, who have given me the opportunity to discuss various sections of the book and some of the arguments to be found within it at various conferences, lectures, and seminars. In fact, I would like to thank everyone with whom I have discussed this subject, in whatever context, over the years. The whole project would have been impossible without the generous assistance of the German Department of Royal Holloway College, who once again gener- ously gave me leave from my regular academic duties. I would like to thank all my colleagues and students, in particular Maire Davies and Bill Jones. A ten-month research residency at the International Research Centre of the Israeli Centre for Remembrance and Research at Yad Vashem proved particularly enlightening, for which I am very grateful to Israel Gutman, who was at that time the director of the institute. I would also like to thank the Faculty of Social Sciences at the Universität der Bundeswehr in Munich, in particular Michael Wolffsohn and Merith Niehuss, to whom I submitted the original version of this book as my post-doctoral thesis. The whole project would have been impossible without the generous assistance of the German Department and the School of Modern Languages, Literature, and Culture of Royal Holloway College. I would like to thank all my colleagues and students. In particular I would like to express my deep gratitude to Jeremy Noakes without whom the English edition would not exist. London and Munich, November 2009 Contents Abbreviations ix Introduction 1 Historical Background: Anti-Semitism in the Weimar Republic 10 P A R T I R A C I A L P E R S E C U T I O N , 1933–1939 1. The Displacement of the Jews from Public Life, 1933–1934 29 2. Segregation and Comprehensive Discrimination, 1935–1937 52 3. Interim Conclusions: The Removal of Jews from German Society, the Formation of the National Socialist ‘People’s Community’, and its Consequences for Jewish Life in Germany 70 4. The Intensification of the Racial Persecution of Non-Jewish Groups by the Police Apparatus, 1936–1937 90 5. Comprehensive Deprivation of Rights and Forced Emigration, late 1937–1939 95 6. The Politics of Organized Expulsion 123 P A R T I I T H E P E R S E C U T I O N O F T H E J E W S , 1939–1941 7. The Persecution of Jews in the Territory of the Reich, 1939–1940 133 8. German Occupation and the Persecution of the Jews in Poland, 1939–1940/1941: The First Variant of a ‘Territorial Solution’ 143 9. Deportations 151 viii Contents P A R T I I I M A S S E X E C U T I O N S O F J E W S I N T H E O C C U P I E D S O V I E T Z O N E S , 1941 10. Laying the Ground for a War of Racial Annihilation 179 11. The Mass Murder of Jewish Men 192 12. The Transition from Anti-Semitic Terror to Genocide 206 13. Enforcing the Annihilation Policy: Extending the Shootings to the Whole Jewish Population 219 P A R T I V G E N E S I S O F T H E F I N A L S O L U T I O N O N A E U R O P E A N S C A L E , 1941 14. Plans for a Europe-Wide Deportation Programme after the Start of Barbarossa 259 15. Autumn 1941: Beginning of the Deportations and Regional Mass Murders 277 16. The Wannsee Conference 305 P A R T V T H E E X T E R M I N A T I O N O F T H E E U R O P E A N J E W , 1942 –1945 17. The Beginning of the Extermination Policy on a European Scale in 1942 313 18. The Further Development of the Policy of Extermination after the Turning of the War in 1942–1943: Continuation of the Murders and Geographical Expansion of the Deportations 374 Conclusion 422 Notes 436 Bibliography 573 Index 627 Abbreviations AA Auswärtiges Amt (Foreign Ministry) Abt. Department ADAP Akten zur Deutschen Auswärtigen Politik AdV Alldeutscher Verband AGK Archivum Glównej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce AOK Army High Command APL Archivum Panstwowe w Lublinie Aufl. Edition BAB Bundesarchiv Berlin BAM Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv Batl. Battalion Bd. volume BDC Berlin Document Centre BdO Commander of the Order Police BdS Commander of the Security Police BHSt.A Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Biuletyn Biuletyn Glownej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce BLI Bulletin Leo Baeck Institute BT Berliner Tageblatt CDJC Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine CdZ Head of the Civil Administration CEH Central European History CV Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens (Central
