Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. THE PERIODIC TABLE Past, Present, and Future Copyright © 2020 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 978-981-121-848-4 (hardcover) ISBN 978-981-121-849-1 (ebook for institutions) ISBN 978-981-121-850-7 (ebook for individuals) For any available supplementary material, please visit https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/11775#t=suppl Typeset by Stallion Press Email: [email protected] Printed in Singapore About the Author Geoff Rayner-Canham, FCIC, FRSC, has published widely on aspects of chemistry education, particularly inorganic chemistry. With Tina Overton, he is coauthor of Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry, which is currently in its 6th edition and which has been translated into six other languages. Geoff’s main research focus has been on the history of women in science — particularly chemistry. This research has been undertaken jointly with his partner, Marelene Rayner-Canham. In addition to many research papers, they have coauthored six books, the latest being Pioneering British Women Chemists: Their Lives and Contributions. For 20 years, accompanied by some of his students, Geoff has taken chemistry outreach to remote and isolated schools in rural Newfoundland, Labrador, Nunavut, and coastal Quebec. He has also been coauthoring a series of articles with his Inuk student, Chaim Andersen, on Chemistry and Inuit Life & Culture. With his colleague, Debbie Wheeler, Geoff codeveloped, and has been coteaching, the first online distance chemistry courses offered by Memorial University. One of the courses received a Canadian award for innovation in distance course technology. Students from as far away as Wuhan, China, and Sydney, Australia, have taken these courses. For his outreach and for excellence in chemistry teaching, Geoff has received the Chemical Institute of Canada, Chemical Education Award; the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada PromoScience Award; and a 3M Teaching Fellowship. Geoff continues to teach and undertake research at the Grenfell Campus, Memorial University, Corner Brook, Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada, where he currently holds the rank of Honorary Research Professor. Contents About the Author Introduction Chapter 0The Periodic Table Exploration Begins! Reference Chapter 1Isotopes and Nuclear Patterns Proton–Neutron Ratio The Cobalt–Nickel and Tellurium–Iodine Atomic Mass Anomalies Nuclear Shell Model of the Nucleus Limits of Stability Commentary References Chapter 2Selected Trends in Atomic Properties Electronegativity Electron Gain and Loss Ionization Energy Electron Affinity Relativistic Effects on Atomic Properties Commentary References Chapter 3First Period Problems Hydrogen Location: An Overview … And Then There Is Helium Commentary References Chapter 4The Group 3 Problem A History of the Debate Commentary References Chapter 5Categorizations of the Elements Nonmetals, Metals, and “In-Betweens” Main Group Appellations d-Block Metal Appellations Other Appellations Commentary References Chapter 6Isoelectronicity Historical Definitions of Isoelectronic Modern Definitions of Isoelectronic Isoelectronicity: The Future Commentary References Chapter 7Group and Period Patterns among the Main Group Elements Main Group Elements Group Trends Group 1 (Alkali Metals) Group 2 (Alkaline Earth Metals) Group 13 (Triels) Group 14 (Tetrels) Group 15 (Pnictogens) Group 16 (Chalcogens) Group 17 (Halogens) Group 18 (Aerogens) Periodic Trends Commentary References Chapter 8Patterns among the Transition Metals What Is a Transition Metal? Previous Classifications of Transition Metals Categorizations of the Transition Metals Categorizing the Early 4d–5d Elements The Platinum Metals Is There, in Fact, a Group 11? A Hybrid Solution Commentary References Chapter 9Group (n) and Group (n + 10) Relationships Going Back to the Past Definition of the Group (n) and Group (n + 10) Relationship Group 3 and Group 13 Group 4 and Group 14 Group 5 and Group 15 Group 6 and Group 16 Group 7 and Group 17 Group 8 and Group 18 Group 1 and Group 11 Group 2 and Group 12 A Curious (n + 5) and (n + 10) Case Commentary References Chapter 10Chemical “Knight’s Move” Relationship The Group (n)/Period (m) and Group (n + 2)/Period (m + 1) Linkages Laing’s Knight’s Move (K-M) Claims Reevaluation of the Knight’s Move Relationship Knight’s Move Relationships among “Double Pairs” The Knight’s Move Relationship and the “Inert Pair” Effect Commentary References Chapter 11Isodiagonality Isodiagonality Explanations for Isodiagonality Isodiagonality of Lithium and Magnesium Isodiagonality of Beryllium and Aluminum Isodiagonality of Boron and Silicon Isodiagonality of Carbon and Phosphorus Isodiagonality of Nitrogen and Sulfur Isodiagonality of Vanadium and Molybdenum Isodiagonality of Tellurium and Astatine Evidence-Based Isodiagonality Commentary References Chapter 12Lanthanoids, Group 3, and Their Connections Yttrium and Scandium The 4f Elements The Lanthanoids Ion Charges of the Lanthanoids Restructuring the Lanthanoids External Lanthanoid Relationships Commentary References Chapter 13Actinoid and Post-Actinoid Elements The Actinoid Elements Oxidation States of the Actinoids Post-Actinoid Elements And Beyond … Commentary References Chapter 14Pseudo-Elements Pseudo-Elements Pseudo-Halogens Combo Elements Superatoms Synthetic Metals Commentary References Index Introduction “Periodic Properties? That’s easy! Properties down a couple of Groups, properties across a sample Period, done!” A not uncommon view. Yet there is a richness of relationships, some obvious, some not, which makes an in-depth look at the chemical elements a rewarding adventure. Ronald Rich eloquently described the lure of periodicity in all its manifestations: One of the fascinations of inorganic chemistry is the existence of a wide variety of relationships among the elements and their properties-relationships that show an encouraging degree of order, but a tantalizing variability and novelty. These qualities make the “family of elements” an apt metaphor: while members of a family have much in common, each member also has his[/her] own individual personality. There have been some 20th century monographs on chemical periodicity. However, to be honest, the old Periodic Table monographs are boring … no, very boring … no extremely boring. As are the chapters on the Periodic Table in most textbooks. A litany of dry facts usually emphasizing that everything can be explained in terms of Groups and Periods; that everything is known; that there is only one definitive Periodic Table; and that apart from the genius of Mendeléev, rarely is any other human involvement described. How incredibly far from the truth in all these factors! •The Periodic Table is fascinating — as I hope, you, the Reader, will discover. •Groups
